What is the expected change in wind direction as altitude decreases during descent from higher altitudes?

When descending from higher altitudes, the expected change in wind direction typically results in winds backing. This phenomenon is primarily due to the influence of the earth’s surface friction.

At higher altitudes, winds are generally more stable and aligned with the upper-level pressure systems, moving predominantly from west to east in the mid-latitudes. As an aircraft descends, it encounters lower altitudes where the terrain and surface conditions increasingly impact the wind flow. The surface roughness, obstacles, and temperature differentials create friction that tends to slow the wind and can cause it to shift direction slightly to the left relative to the direction aloft.

This backing of winds during descent is particularly relevant to understand for pilots as it affects the operational considerations during landing approaches. Anticipating this change helps pilots manage their approach and landing strategies more effectively.

In standard meteorological behavior, winds may not significantly strengthen or simply shift without backing, making those options less applicable to the question regarding directional change specifically associated with altitude descent.