What does aspect ratio describe in terms of aviation?

Aspect ratio in aviation specifically refers to the ratio of the wing span to the wing chord. This concept is crucial because it significantly influences the aerodynamic characteristics of an aircraft. A higher aspect ratio, which means a longer wing span relative to the wing chord, typically results in improved lift-to-drag performance, allowing the aircraft to fly more efficiently. Conversely, a lower aspect ratio, associated with shorter wings or wider wings, can result in increased drag and less efficient flight performance.

Understanding aspect ratio helps pilots and aerodynamics engineers design and evaluate aircraft for different operational requirements, including speed and maneuverability. It is a fundamental aspect of wing design that directly affects flight performance characteristics such as stability and control.