How does air typically move in a mountain wave?

Air in a mountain wave is characterized by a specific movement pattern influenced by the terrain. When wind flows toward a mountain range, it is forced to rise as it encounters the mountains. This rising air typically follows a smooth trajectory up the slope of the mountain, where it eventually reaches a peak. Once it passes over the summit, the air then descends on the leeward side of the mountain.

This whole process occurs with considerable force because of the potential energy converted to kinetic energy as the air moves over the mountain. The nature of this flow creates predictable patterns, including the possibility of rotor activity on the leeward side. Understanding this smooth flow helps pilots make informed decisions regarding altitude and flight path when flying in mountainous terrain or when encountering mountain waves.

In contrast, chaotic turbulence suggests unpredictability which is not characteristic of the organized flow in a mountain wave. Rising only focuses on just one part of the movement rather than the full cycle of ascent and descent. Stagnant air, on the other hand, implies no movement, which contradicts the active dynamics associated with air flowing over mountains.